I didn't work it out, there are various studies online about it, from the various other places around the world that have introduced a similar limit.
iirc the biggest impact on particulates generated is accelerating rapidly, and at 20 you get far fewer accelerations and breaking than at 30, as everyone drives along a lot more smoothly.
which makes sense, even with a clear road ahead of you, nobody is going to bother flooring it to get to 20.
as for using fuel, you'll remember from your GCSE physics that energy is proportional to the square of velocity, so even if the journey is taking longer it will use more energy to do it more quickly.